The authors of the study examined roughly two months of five-minute bitcoin contracts. They found unusually large orders on Binance in the final seconds before settlement, followed by rapid price reversals in bitcoin.
The paper did not prove traders’ intent or directly establish that the spot-market orders were placed by the same people holding positions on Polymarket. But it found that, excluding market makers, 93% of the losses in windows classified as manipulated fell on retail traders.
“A bet the market treated as near-certain was overturned one time in three,” the authors wrote.
Polymarket did not respond to a CoinDesk email requesting more information.



